These figures keep their place, period and uncertainty. Global averages are not measurements for Pakistan. Scenario results describe what could happen under stated assumptions.
Warming
Global surface temperature in 2011 to 2020 was 1.09°C above 1850 to 1900, with a very likely range of 0.95 to 1.20°C.
Source: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2023), p. 4. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
In 2025, global annual near-surface temperature was 1.43°C ± 0.13°C above the 1850 to 1900 average, with a 90% uncertainty range.
Source: State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025), p. 8. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Emissions
Global net human-caused greenhouse gas emissions were estimated at 59 ± 6.6 GtCO₂-equivalent in 2019.
Source: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2023), p. 4. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
UNEP estimated global greenhouse gas emissions at 58.4 ± 5.5 gigatonnes of CO₂ equivalent in 2025; uncertainty prevents a conclusion that total emissions fell or peaked.
Source: Emissions Gap Report 2026: The point of return - Urgent emissions cuts needed to come back from overshoot of 1.5°C (2026), p. xiv to xv. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
In modelled pathways limiting warming to 1.5°C with more than 50% likelihood and no or limited overshoot, global greenhouse gas emissions fall by a median 43% by 2030 from 2019, with a pathway range of 34 to 60%.
Source: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2023), p. 21. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Pakistan and South Asia
Around 33 million people were affected by Pakistan’s 2022 floods, according to NDMA figures reported in the PDNA.
Source: Pakistan Floods 2022: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Main Report (2022), p. 11. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Nearly 8 million people were displaced by Pakistan’s 2022 floods, according to NDMA figures reported in the PDNA.
Source: Pakistan Floods 2022: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Main Report (2022), p. 11. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Heat
The years 2015 to 2025 were the eleven warmest years in WMO’s global temperature record.
Source: State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025), p. 8. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Water and floods
The PDNA estimated physical damage from Pakistan’s 2022 floods at US$14.9 billion.
Source: Pakistan Floods 2022: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Main Report (2022), p. 14. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
The PDNA estimated recovery and reconstruction needs after Pakistan’s 2022 floods at US$16.3 billion.
Source: Pakistan Floods 2022: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Main Report (2022), p. 14. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Global mean sea level rose by an average 4.75 ± 0.3 millimetres per year over 2012 to 2025.
Source: State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025), p. 12. Last checked: 5 November 2026. Read our report summary.
Waste
Global municipal solid waste generation was estimated at 2.1 billion tonnes in 2020.
Source: Global Waste Management Outlook 2024: Beyond an Age of Waste - Turning Rubbish into a Resource (2024), p. 18. Last checked: 5 November 2026.
Without urgent action, global municipal solid waste generation is projected to reach 3.8 billion tonnes per year by 2050.
Source: Global Waste Management Outlook 2024: Beyond an Age of Waste - Turning Rubbish into a Resource (2024), p. 18. Last checked: 5 November 2026.
Air
WHO’s 2021 guideline for annual average PM2.5 is 5 micrograms per cubic metre.
Source: WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide (2021), p. xvii, Table 0.1. Last checked: 5 November 2026.
WHO’s 2021 guideline for 24-hour PM2.5 is 15 micrograms per cubic metre, assessed at the 99th percentile of daily values.
Source: WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide (2021), p. xvii, Table 0.1 and footnote a. Last checked: 5 November 2026.
WHO’s air-quality guideline levels are global health recommendations, not measured concentrations for Pakistan or legally binding national standards. The daily guideline uses a percentile, so it should not be read as a limit that can never be exceeded.